THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

THE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 

 Subatomic and atomic level

• All types of matter are made up of elements and each element contains a single kind of atom .
• The atoms are actually made up of many sub atomic particles.
• The most stable subatomic particles are electron, proton and neutron.

• Out of the 92 kinds of elements that Occur in the nature, 16 are called bioelement
•  These take part in making the body mass of living organisms

Out of these bioelements,

• Only six (O, C, H, N, Ca, & P) make 99% of the total mass.

• Other ten (K, S, C, Na, ig9. Fe, u, vin, zn, &1) Collectively make 01% of the total mass.)

 

2. Molecular level

• In organisms, bioelements usually do not occur in isolated forms rather they combine through ionic or covalent bonding. The stable particle formed by Such bonding is called as molecule or biomolecule.

• An organism is formed by enormous number of biomolecules of hundreds of different types.
• . These molecules are the building material and are themselves constructed in great variety and complexity due to specific bonding arrangements. Biomolecules are classified as 
• 
  
• micromolecules and macromolecules. 
• Micromolecules are with low molecular weight e.g. glucose, water etc.

• Macromolecules are with high molecular Weight  e.g Starch, protein, lipids etc

3.Organelle and Cell level

• Biomolecules assemble in a particular way and form organelles
• The organelles are actually sub-cellular structures in the cells.

• Each type of organelle is specialized to perfom a specific function.
• For example, 

Mitochondria are specialized for cellular respiration and ribosome are specialized for protein synthesis. 

• In this way, functions of the cell are accomplished by these SpeclialiZed structures. It is an example of the division of labour within the cell.

• In the case of prokaryotes and most protists, the entire organism consists of single cell .

• In the case of most fungi, all animals and all plants, the organisms consist of up to

trillions of cells.

4. Tissue level

• In multicellular organisms, similar cells (performing similar function )are organised  into groups, called tissues. 
• We can define a tissue as a group of similar cells specialized for the performance of a common function.
• Each cell in a tissue carries its own life processes (like cellular respiration, protein synthesis), but it aiso carries on some special processes related to the function of the tissue.

• There are diferent types of plant tissues e.g. epidermal tissue, ground tissue etc.
• Animals tissue are also of different types e.g. nervous tissue, muscular tissue

5. Organ and Organ system level

• In higher mulicellular organisms more than one type of tissue having related functions are organized together and make a unit, called organ
• . Different tissues of an organ perform their specific functions and these functions collectively become the function/s or that organ

• . For example:

•   stomach is an organ specialized for the digestion of proteins and for storing food. 
• Two major types of tissue are present in its structure. 
• Epithelial (glandular) tissue secretes gastric juice or the digestion of proteins. 
• Muscular tissue performs contractions of stomach walls for grinding of food and moving food to posterior end.
•  So two tissues pertorm their specific functions, which collectively become the function of stomach.

• The next level of organization in multicellular organisms is the organ system level.

Different organs pertorming related functions are organized together in the form of an organ system.

•  In an organ system, each organ carries out Its specific function and the function of all Organ system. For example, digestive system is an organ system  that carries Out the process of digestion.

• Major organs in its framework are oral cavity , stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and pancreas. 
• All these organs help in the process of digestion.

• The organ system level is less Complex in plants (e.g. root system) as compared to animals. This is due to a greater range of functions and activities in animals than in plants.

6. Individual level

• Diferent organs and organ systems are organized together to form an individual or organism. 
• In organism, the functions, processes and activities of various organs and organ systems are coordinated. 
• For example, when a man is engaged in continuoUs and hard execise, not only his muscles are working but also there is an increase in the rate of respiration and heart beat. This accelerated rate of respiration and heart beat supplies more oxygen and food to the muscles which they need for continuous work

7. Population level

• Biologists extend their studies to the population level where they study interactions among members of the same species living in the same habitat. 
• A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species located at the same place, in the same time.
•  For example, human population in Pakistan in 2010 comprises of 173.5 million individuals (according to the Ministry of Population Welfare, Government of Pakistan).

8.Community level

• A community is an assemblage of different populations, interacting with one another within the same environment. 
• A forest may be considered as a community. It includes different plant, microorganisms, fungi and animal species.

• Communities are collections of organisms, in which one population may increase and others may decrease. 
• Some communities are complex e.g. a forest community, a pond community etc. Other communities may be simple e.g. a fallen log with various populations under it. 
• In a simple community number and size of populations is limited.So ,any change in biotic or abiotic factors may have drastic and long lasting effects.

9. Biosphere level

• The part of the Earth inhabited by organisms' communities is kņown as biosphere. 
• It constitutes all ecosystems (areas where living organisms interact with the nonliving components of the environment) and is also called the zone of life on Earth.